Otto Schmitt, a biophysicist at the University of Minnesota, is considered the father of biomedical engineering. Schmitt wanted to improve on the electrocardiograph (EKG), which measures electrical currents of the heart. As a result of his research in the late 1940s and 1950s, he created a way to represent a heart's rhythm in three dimensions. This vector model shows the direction of each electrical pulse and its strength. This technology was made at the University of Minnesota in Otto Schmitt's laboratory, USA, 1950-1960

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All images courtesy of the Bakken Museum