Issues such as labeling and human factors can save (or cost) a life. Manufacturers would do well to remember that in their home use device designs.
Just before the year’s end, FDA released the draft guidance “Design Considerations for Devices Intended for Home Use [4].” The document aims to assist manufacturers in designing and developing medical devices for home use that comply with applicable standards for safety and effectiveness and other regulatory requirements. But before we get into the document, I want to share with you why medical device designers should never, ever, lose sight of the home user.
In April 2012, I received a heart-breaking letter from one of MD+DI’s editorial advisory board members. I had asked Nancy Stark to comment on a story about medical device safety. The response I got was not what I expected.
Nancy’s husband, Frank, who was dying of cancer, had developed a systemic staph infection. After a critical week in the hospital, he was sent home with an IV pump for six weeks of home antibiotic therapy. Nancy’s experience with the IV pump was nothing short of dangerous.
“The number of adverse events, device failure, and unrealistic demands placed on the home user are uncountable and inexcusable,” she says.
Here is why this story is particularly upsetting: Nancy Stark is a clinical research and biological safety-testing expert. She is the founder of a medical device consultancy, Clinical Device Group Inc., and has 30 years of experience in the industry. Her husband was a mechanical engineer. If anyone who was not a licensed caregiver could have figured out how the device worked, it was them.
Nancy relayed some of the most torturous moments to me via e-mail. The first night, the pump beeped loudly and incessantly. They called the support hotline for the pump and got an answering service. After 15 minutes (the alarm did not stop), a representative from the company returned their call and said the batteries needed to be changed. The lock on the battery door was jammed, and Nancy, who has arthritis, could not open it. She had to use a hammer and screwdriver to jimmy the door.
Several times over the next few days, the pump displayed the error message “down occlusion.” Nancy never saw the instructions for use (there was a photocopy of a photocopy of the instructions in a binder she found later, tucked under several pages of billing and product information) and had no idea what “down occlusion” meant. Again, she called the toll-free number and awaited a call back. The representative explained that there was a kink somewhere between the pump and the bag. Nancy never found a kink, but she removed tubing from the pump, massaged it, and reinserted it. The problem continued to occur at least once per day, so Nancy continued with the make-do technique.
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| Nancy and Frank in 2001. |
The disturbances were enough that on Easter, when the couple attended evening mass, Frank shut off the pump and forgot to turn it back on. Nancy didn’t realize the pump was off until noon the next day, and by then Frank was compromised. Nancy called an ambulance to take him to the emergency room. The event nearly cost him his life and resulted in a weeklong stay in the hospital, followed by hospice care.
Frank died April 20, the day after she sent the letter to me.*
“I would trade the first year of our marriage to get the extra two weeks I could have had without the faulty pump,” Nancy says.
Manufacturers can’t monitor how instructions for use get passed on to the user, nor can they ensure both the user and caregiver receive instructions appropriate to the level of device complexity. Likewise, FDA can’t interfere with the practice of medicine. But manufacturers can design user-friendly error notifications, install shut-off buttons or volume controls for alarms once they have been acknowledged, offer easy-to-access online instructions for use, and incorporate visible battery-life gauges, just to name a few applicable solutions.
FDA tackles some of these problems in the new guidance. Key to the document is the agency’s attention to design controls. The document recommends using quality system regulations in addition to risk-management systems per ISO 14971, usability per IEC 62366, and human factors analysis per HE 74 and HE 75. Software per IEC 62304 should be controlled through design control processes. The guidance asks manufacturers to “broaden your existing concept development and preliminary testing processes to account for the needs of home users and requirements for straightforward device operation, obvious interface layouts, and appropriate alarm methods.” There is also a lengthy discussion on labeling.
“The draft guidance document is a big step in the right direction,” Leo Eisner, an MD+DI editorial advisory board member and president of Eisner Safety Consultants, wrote on his blog. Still, there is more to be done, specifically in the area of labeling. “I am disappointed the guidance doesn’t refer to other sections of IEC 60601-1-11:2010 as there are other important areas to consider for marking and labeling,” he wrote.
IEC/ISO 60601-1-11 states that labeling must be understandable by an 8th grader. But in many cases, caregivers and patients need instructions at a much lower level of understanding. “The AMA says that people under stress and terror in a caregiver situation comprehend like 4-year-olds,” Stark says.
The guidance touches on other issues, such as environmental considerations, user considerations, human factors, and postmarket considerations. The document essentially refers readers to existing standards and other guidance documents to increase the likelihood that a device for home use is safe and effective.
FDA’s new guidance doesn’t solve all problems, however. As Nancy's anecdotal struggles with an IV pump illustrate, some problems derive from factors outside of the realm of design controls. Such a heartbreaking tale underscores the need for cooperation at all levels of the system and a reassessment of the costs of such devices to solve. But medical device designers are in the unique position to lead by example and solve as many problems as possible through good design and effective risk-management control.
—Heather Thompson [5]
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Corrections
*The original article said that the pump was recalled. The model used by Frank and Nancy has not been recalled.